Updating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Updating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theories Personality Psychology Print Updating Maslows Hierarchy of Needs By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 15, 2020 Gary Waters / Ikon / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Anyone who has ever taken a psychology class probably has at least a basic understanding of Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs. Maslow suggested that needs at the base of the pyramid, which include such things as food, water, and sleep, must be met before people can move on to needs higher up on the hierarchy.?? After fulfilling these fundamental needs, people move on to the need for safety and security, then belonging and love and then esteem. Finally, once all these lower-level needs are met, Maslow suggested that people move on the need at the peak of the pyramid, which is known as self-actualization. A 1976 paper by Wahba and Bridwell suggested that the uncritical acceptance of Maslows hierarchy needed to be addressed by additional research.?? Their review of the research available at the time found little support for the accuracy of the hierarchy. More recent research has offered some support for Maslow’s original hierarchy, but many suggest that the theory might be in need updated to reflect better the needs of modern life. Does Maslow’s Hierarchy Hold Up? Maslow’s hierarchy of needs continues to be widely popular and most well accepted, but the available evidence does not necessarily support Maslow’s theory. Maslows need hierarchy theory presents the student of work motivation with an interesting paradox, Wahba and Bridwell wrote. The theory is widely accepted, but there is little evidence to support it. In their review of the available research, Wahba and Bridwell found that there was little empirical support suggesting that needs exist in a hierarchy at all.??Other critics have also suggested that the original hierarchy does not account for the fact that needs tend to change based on the situation.Maslows theory also does not account for differences between individualist and collectivist cultures. Does Maslow’s Hierarchy Need to Be Updated? In 2010, a team of psychologists attempted to modernize Maslows hierarchy. Their renovated version of the classic needs pyramid was published in an issue of Perspectives on Psychological Sciences.?? While the original hierarchy contained five levels, this revised version included seven. The bottom four levels of this new version are quite similar to Maslows, but big changes can be seen at the top levels of the proposed new version. Most surprisingly perhaps was that it eliminated the very highest levels of the original versionâ€"that of self-actualization. Why eliminate self-actualization? The authors of the article suggested that while self-actualization is still significant and interesting, it is not an evolutionarily fundamental need. Instead, the authors suggested, many of the activities and pursuits that Maslow initially identified as self-actualizing represent basic biological drives, such as attracting a mate and having children.?? The Updated Hierarchy of Needs So what replaces self-actualization at the top of this revised hierarchy?Parenting takes the top spot, followed byMate retentionMate acquisitionStatus/esteemFollowing those needs is affiliation and self-protection.Immediate physiological needs make up the very base of the pyramid. Among human aspirations that are most biologically fundamental are those that ultimately facilitate reproduction of our genes in our childrens children, explained the studys lead author Douglas Kenrick of Arizona State University in a press release.?? For that reason, parenting is paramount. The proposed revisions to Maslows original hierarchy did not come without controversy, however. The journal issue containing the revised hierarchy also included four different commentary pieces that offered perspectives on the original and revised versions of the hierarchy. While many agreed with the basic premise of the revised version, particularly the evolutionary basis for the revisions, many took issue with the removal of self-actualization as a key motivating need. People in Different Cultures May Have Similar Needs Psychologist Ed Diener of the University of Illinois led a study that put the famous hierarchy of needs to the test in different countries all over the world.?? Researchers conducted surveys on food, shelter, safety, money, social support, respect, and emotions in 155 different countries between 2005 and 2010. While some aspects of their findings are consistent with Maslows theory, there were also some notable departures. The needs described in Maslows theory appear to be universal. However, in this research, the order in which these needs are met had little impact on peoples satisfaction with life. Our findings suggest that Maslows theory is largely correct. In cultures all over the world the fulfillment of his proposed needs correlates with happiness, Diener explained in a press release.?? However, an important departure from Maslows theory is that we found that a person can report having good social relationships and self-actualization even if their basic needs and safety needs are not completely fulfilled. While recent research seems to support the idea of universal human needs, support for Maslows ranked hierarchy remains elusive. The Psychology of What Motivates Us

The Effects of Illegal Immigration - 1182 Words

The Effects of Illegal Immigration The Effects of Illegal Immigration For centuries people have come across the United States borders from foreign countries hoping for a better life, a life that is free from unruly dictators and poverty for them and their families. They wanted to live in the land of opportunity so that they can make something of themselves; this is why we have some of the major problems with illegal immigration. Arizona, California, and Texas border the United States to Mexico; these states are where we have the majority of illegal immigration. Illegal immigration is the migration of foreign citizens into a country in circumstances where such people do not meet the legal requirements for migrating into that country.†¦show more content†¦By 2002 the school population had grown from 49 million students to 55 million students because of immigration. â€Å"The estimated cost to the American taxpayers for the education of immigrant children is $30 billion a year. Since 1980 nearly one third of Arizona children have immigrant parents, seven percent of those children are foreign born. This invasion of immigrants and their children are contributing to severe overcrowding of schools.† (FAIR) In Phoenix, schools are so crowded that students have to go to class in a former mall and there are over 700 elementary school children going to school in an old grocery store. The total K-12 school expenditure for illegal immigrants costs the state’s 74 billion annually, which is enough to buy a computer for every junior high student nationwide. â€Å"Poor English skills among foreign born residents cost more than $175 billion a year in lost productivity, wagers, tax revenues, and unemployment compensation.† (Gallaway) Medical services for Americans in affected communities are being severely damaged as hospitals absorb more than $200 million in uncollected costs. Some emergency rooms have shut down because they cannot afford to remain open. â€Å"Local taxpaying Americans are either denied medical care or have to wait in long lines as the illegal’s flood theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Illegal Immigration1507 Words   |  7 Pagesnation of immigrants but illegal immigration has created many consequences. The number of illegal immigrants living in the U.S. is 11 million in 2017 (Jens Manuel Krogstad) . An Illegal immigration can be defined as the action of come to live permanently in a foreign country without legal permits from the government. According to Immigration Laws, there are 28.4 million immigrants in the U.S. and roughly half of them are illegal immigrants (The Social Effects of Illegal Immigration). There are many argumentsRead MoreEffects Of Illegal Immigration1658 Words   |   7 PagesIllegal immigration and the effect on the United States of America Illegal immigration In the United States no one wants to spend more than they have to, especially when it does not benefit them directly. So why are we? In 2011 the Federation for American Immigration Reform released a document explaining the fiscal burden of taon the taxpayers â€Å"The annual costs of illegal immigration at the federal, state, and local level is $113 billion; $29 billion at the federal level and $84 billion at theRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Illegal Immigration1069 Words   |  5 Pages Immigration, by definition, is the term used to describe the action of coming to live in a foreign country permanently. Illegal immigration however, is the action of crossing, or overstaying, in a place that isn’t one’s native home, without guaranteed residence. For years, people have immigrated left and right due to various reasons and certain said opportunities. It wasn’t until the 1800’s, when the number of immigrants in the United States skyrocketed, that continuous debates about whether illegalRead MoreIllegal Immigration and Its Effect on America1808 Words   |  8 PagesIllegal Immigration and Its Effect On America Thesis: Learning as much as possible about Illegal Immigration so that we may understand and try and find a reasonable solution. I. What Is Illegal Immigration? A. Illegal Immigration B. When did it begin? II. Toll of Illegal Immigration On America A. Hidden Cost Of Illegal Immigration B. Crime C. The Loss America Suffers For Illegal Immigration D. How Things Have Changed III. America Speaks Up A. Why AmericansRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Illegal Immigration2000 Words   |  8 PagesThe Negative Effects of Illegal Immigration â€Å"An immigrant is a person who legally comes to a country to take up permanent residence. An â€Å"illegal† immigrant is a person who does so without following the established legal procedures of the destination country and who resides in that country without proper visas or other documents.† (source 1)Illegal immigration is changing the lives of many Americans today, and although all illegal immigrants are not bad and are not here by choice, or to hurtRead MoreEffects of Illegal Immigration Essay2311 Words   |  10 PagesIllegal immigrants entering the United States from other countries has played a major impact on the quality of life of our society. The majority of Americans believe there are no benefits to United States citizens by having illegal immigrants remain in this country. Much of the funding that would typically go to tax paying citizens is now being directed to programs for illegal immigrants, which do not make enough money to financially suppor t themselves and their families. To date, the largest costsRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Its Effects On The United States1327 Words   |  6 PagesChris Boyd Professor Green September 17th, 2015 English 1A Illegal Immigration and its Effects on the United States One of the biggest issues facing the United States is the issue of illegal immigration. Recently, this topic has been heavily discussed in the presidential debates thanks to candidate Donald Trump, but exactly what is illegal immigration and how is it effecting us as citizens of the US? There are many aspects to this issue ranging from an economic standpoint to a moral standpoint soRead MoreEssay on Cause and Effect of Illegal Immigration 1344 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigration still remains as one of the major problems on the U.S-Mexico border in our country. The effect of having illegal immigrants in our country puts the U.S in a dire situation. Many people are even starting to question the authority of the U.S. Customs and U.S. Border Patrol agents. Even though Homeland Security is always consistently hiring for U.S customs and border patrol agents to watch over the southern border to make sure no illegal immigrants sneak into the U.S. Many peopleRead MoreIllegal Immigrat ion and the Effect on the Cj System5517 Words   |  23 Pages Illegal Immigration and the effect on the CJ system Name Institution Instructor Date Abstract America is perceived the world over as the â€Å"Promised Land† where everything is possible. This lucrative perception leads many immigrants to seek diverse ways to enter this vast land of promise, with the aim of living the American dream. Illegal immigrants are considered the medium behind some of criminal activities perpetuated in America. Their participation in suchRead MoreIllegal Immigration : Effect On U.s. Economy2074 Words   |  9 PagesS02 8 Mar. 16 Illegal Immigration: Effect on U.S. Economy Introduction Throught out its history, the United States has been renowned as a santuary for immigrants from all over the world. People from all walks of life have migrated to our nation’s shores in search of the autonomous â€Å"American Dream† which Ä ±s vÄ ±ewed as endless freedoms and economÄ ±c opprtunÄ ±tÄ ±es. In recent years however, the Ä ±ncreasÄ ±ng number of Ä ±llegal Ä ±mmÄ ±grants Ä ±n our country has been somewhat alaramÄ ±ng. ImmÄ ±gratÄ ±on experts and

A Brief Note On Animal Shelter And The American Society...

They are many shelters in the United States being over populated with animals. Dogs and cats are left at the shelters for many reason. The question being research is why are animal shelter over populate. What are the causes of animal shelter being over populated? What are the benefit of adopting? What are the effect on animal in over populated shelters? And how can we help animal shelters stop being over populated? ASPCA. (2010). Pet Overpopulation. Teacher Newsletter of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 1, 1-13 from http://www.aspcapro.org/sites/pro/files/Animalessons_%20Pet_Overpopulation.pdf ASPCA states that there are a lot of animal euthanized in shelters in the United States every year. Many of those animals are being killed for old age, bad behaviors, or for no reason due to the capacities the shelter can only take. Many of the animals that come in are not yet spay/neuter which only means there can be more pups or kittens out there being either in happy homes or dying in the street. This newsletter helps us understand many of the animals coming in have a big chance of being killed for no reason due to the capacity of the shelter, or its behavior. By behavior, it means the animal has a history of aggression by being mistreated by the previous owner reason of kill would be for the safety of the people. This helps us understand on why the animal shelters are being over populated and the effects on the animals. DiGiacomo, N; Arluke, A;Show MoreRelatedCats: Domestic Cat11027 Words   |  45 Pagesmiaou), purring, hissing, growling, chirping, clicking, and grunting.[3] Cats have even been observed mimicking the calls of birds. Like horses and other domesticated animals, cats can sometimes become feral, living effectively in the wild. Feral cats will often form small feral cat colonies. Animal welfare organizations note that few abandoned cats are able to survive long enough to become feral, most being killed by vehicles, or succumbing to starvation, predators, exposure, or disease. CatsRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pagesto make the necessary arrangement at the ï ¬ rst opportunity. C ontents Introduction to AS Sociology xxxi–l Module 1 Families and Households 1–102 Unit 1.1 Introduction Unit 1.2 Theoretical Explanations of the Role of Families in society Unit 1.3 Social Change and Families and Households: Demographic trends and statistical evidence Unit 1.4 Marriage, Cohabitation and Divorce Unit 1.5 Older Relatives and Children in Families Unit 1.6 Domestic Division of Labour Debate and PowerRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 Pagesidentifiable information (para E-7). o Makes administrative changes and updates paragraph titles (app E). o Note. Army Directive 2012-06, Centralized Selection List - Tour Length Policy for Command and Key Billets; Army Directive 2012-13, Policy and Implementing Guidance for Deployment Cycle Support; and ALARACT 007-2012, Sexual Harassment/Assault Response and Prevention (SHARP) Implementation Guidance will be incorporated in the next major revision. *Army Regulation 600–20 Headquarters Read MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesessential part of a strategic management course and is also perhaps the most entertaining part of such a course. The ‘full story’ that follows this summary gives you considerable detail about how to go about a case analysis, but for now here is a brief account. Before we start, a word about attitude – make it a real exercise. You have a set of historical facts; use a rigorous system to work out what strategies should be followed. All the cases are about real companies, and one of the entertaining

Powwow of Love Free Essays

The 30th annual MSU Pow-Wow of Love was held on March 16, 2013. Arriving at Jenison Fieldhouse around 7. 35pm, I found myself breaking one of the rules. We will write a custom essay sample on Powwow of Love or any similar topic only for you Order Now I entered the building from the east entrance – where the entrance was reserved just for the dancers. I then walked towards the dance arena, where the crowd gathered. The first thing that caught my eyes was the colorful and unique dance regalia or outfit worn by the dancers. Bright colors such as yellow, orange, red, and light blue wrapped around the dancers beautifully. The older looking male dancers were wearing the feather warbonnets on the head and bustles on the back. Dancers with striking multicolored beaded and fringed outfits were crowding the dance floor. Some of the female dancers dressed simple with their colorful fringed shawls. I noticed that some dancers even had bells attached to their ankles or dance outfits that they wore. I also was told that the feathers and leathers used were inherited from their father up to their great grandfather. The sight was so magnificent – it made me excited to stay for the show. The dancing has already started when I arrived. I was told that they were doing the ‘Intertribal Dance’. In this particular dance, everyone is welcome to take part – even the spectators. The dancers moved in a circular clockwise motion a without any particular moves. They then invited the public to join them in the dance. I was hesitating to try it at first. But I told myself that won’t get the experience anywhere else. So, I decided to just do it. The basic step is the same step used by traditional dancers. First, one foot is tapped on one beat, placed down flatly. The action is then repeated with the opposite foot, without missing a beat. I enjoyed taking part in the dance as it was the only chance for me to experience the Native American culture closely. Other dances that were performed are the ‘Fallen Feather’ dance, the Two-Step dance and the ‘Social Dance’. Out of all these dances, the ‘Fallen Feather’ dance fascinated me the most. It was performed because a feather fell from dancer’s outfit. It was performed by four of the veteran male dancers. They danced around and one of the dancers picked up the feather at the end of the dance – while saying the prayers to it. The feather was then given back to the dancer who dropped it. I was told that in some cases, if the feather is not claimed, the person who picked it up can give it to anyone he thinks deserve the feather. During this dance, the spectators were asked to stand and remove their hats to respect the ceremony. Also, to protect its sacredness, pictures and videos were not allowed to be taken during the dance ceremony. After watching all the dances, I went to check out the art vendors. I would say that the arts and handicrafts made are eye-catching. The beadworks are impeccable. Most of the arts were based on their beliefs and lifestyles. For example, the dreamcatcher was made to prevent nightmare. The rabbit foot, the turtle necklace, the bone knifes, blankets and weavings were some of the famous handicrafts sold that day. I even bought myself a dreamcatcher as a souvenir. I feel so honored to have experienced this ‘Pow-Wow’ event. They have such great pride and respect for their land, culture and tradition. Most of the Native Americans that I encountered that day do not look like those people I saw in the movie – they look much like the Americans. And what amaze me most is that they still live up to their culture and tradition despite the difficulties they experienced in the past and the U. S. government’s policies towards banning some of the Native American cultures in the name of ‘assimilation’ – to assimilate Native Americans  into the mainstream US  culture. Overall, this experience has altered my perceptions about how the Native Americans really look and live their life. Being an international student, this is definitely one of the most memorable nights I’ve ever experience in the U. S. How to cite Powwow of Love, Papers

Lab report on pineapple and jello Essay Example

Lab report on pineapple and jello Paper This specificity is due to the shapes of the enzyme molecules. Pineapples Pineapples lush, tropical sweetness is reason enough to enjoy it any way you can, but this fruit also contains vitamin C and manganese. This fruits most promising nutritional asset, though, may be broomball, a natural enzyme found in both the fruit and the stem. Most of the pineapple consumed in the United States is canned (in the form of juice as well as fruit), but fresh pineapple is much more flavor, and , despite its tough bristly shell, is easy to prepare. The fruit probably first grew wild in parts of South America and then spread to the Caribbean, where Columbus encountered it. By 1600, early European explorers had carried pineapples as far as China and the Philippines. In the 18th century, pineapples were taken to the Hawaiian Islands, eventually becoming the major fruit crop. Hawaiian pineapple producers were the first to can the fruit. Broomball The pineapple plant contains protein-digesting enzymes called, as a group, broomball. In the health world, these enzymes are regarded as useful in reducing muscle and tissue inflammation (hence the joint pain and wound-healing possibilities), as well as acting as a digestive aid. In the cooking world, on the other hand, broomball is regarded as the enemy of the gelatin dessert. If you use fresh pineapple in gelatin, the enzyme eats the protein and the gelatin will not gelin fact broomball is measured in units called GAL., or gelatin digesting units. The classic kitchen trick for getting around this pineapple-gelatin incompatibility is to cook the pineapple, thus reducing the power of the broomball. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report on pineapple and jello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report on pineapple and jello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab report on pineapple and jello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Recipes that would highlight the benefits of broomball start with fresh pineapple (which has two to three times the amount of broomball as canned pineapple does), and is then subjected to as little heat as possible. Broomball is used in meat dendrites, in hill-proofing beer, manufacturing recorded cereals, in certain cosmetics, and in preparation to treat edema and inflammation. Gelatin Gelatin, a familiar, ingredient in cooking, is obtained by boiling the skin, tendons, and ligaments of animals. As a result, it contains protein called collagen ( a primary component of joints, cartilage, and nails), and various amino acids (histamine, lysine, Lucien, thyrotrophic, and valise, to name a few). Remember: amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Gelatin has long been a key ingredient for providing support for jelled deserts, salads, frozen drinks, and soft candies such as Gummy Bears. In fact, the word gelatin is derived from the Latin gelatin, meaning stiff or frozen. ) Scientists have been studying gelatin for centuries. It has no smell or taste of its own, adapting to whatever it is added to. During the Napoleonic Wars, the French, desperate for nutrition SOUrces during the English blockade, reportedly first turned to gelatin as a source of protein (albeit a weak one). Gelatin began its long run as a popular consumable, however, in the offs, when it was first developed and then heavily promoted as a commercial product by Charles Knox, founder of the Knox Gelatin Corporation. In addition to its famous giggly food uses, gelatin with its flexible, dissociable structure is also used to manufacture capsules (both hard and soft-gel) to hold medications, vitamins, and other dietary supplements. It also has a range of industrial and medical engineering applications: Gelatin is an ingredient in film coatings, medical devices such as artificial heart valves, and in specialized meshes used to repair wounds, to name a few. Collagen About one quarter of all the protein in your body is collagen. It is a major structural material that forms molecular cables to strengthen the tendons and silent sheets that support the skin and internal organs. Bones and teeth are made by adding mineral crystals to collagen. Collagen provides structure to our bodies, protecting and supporting the softer tissues and connecting them with the skeleton. But, in spite of its critical function in the body, collagen is a relatively simple protein. Collagen from livestock animals is a familiar ingredient in cooking. Collagen is a protein, and like most proteins, when heated, it loses all of its structure. The polymer molecule unwinds. Then, when the denatured mass cools down, it soaks p all of the surrounding water like a sponge, forming gelatin. Lab 1 Objective: What form of pineapple juice contains enzymes that digest protein? Materials: For each group For entire class For every 3 groups 1 envelope Knox gelatin 4 test tubes water 1 test tube rack pineapple juices (below) 1 spoon Measuring cup ml) disposable pipettes hot plate to heat H2O ml graduated cylinder ml graduated cylinder Marking pen Procedure: 1 . Number and label the test tubes 1-4 and use the initials of a group member to identify your group. 2. Find 2 other groups and prepare 1 package of gelatin n the measuring cup using ml of boiling water and 30 ml of cold water. Stir well with a spoon until the gelatin is dissolved. 3. Place 3 ml of the designated pineapple juice into each test tube. Use a separate pipette for each type of juice. Failure to do so may result in mixing of the juice types and inaccurate results. Tube 1: water only Tube 2: fresh pineapple juice Tube 3: Canned pineapple juice Tube 4: Concentrated pineapple juice (thawed) 4. Add 10 ml of gelatin mixture to each test tube. Shake well to ensure proper mixing and place your samples in the refrigerator overnight using a test tube rack. . On Day 2, check the contents of each test tube for solidification of the contents and record your observations. Lab 2 Objective What effect does temperature have on an enzyme? For each group For entire class For every 2 groups 1 envelope Knox gelatin 6 test tubes water 1 test tube rack pineapple juices (below) 1 spoon 1 (1 ml) disposable pipette 100 ml graduated cylinder ml graduated cylinder Marking Pen Hot plate 1. Prepare the Knox gelatin by mixing 1 package of gelatin in the measuring cup using ml of boiling water and 30 ml of cold water. Stir well with a spoon until the gelatin is dissolved. 2. Number the test tubes from 1-5. Label the remaining test tube as ART (room temperature). 3. Each group will be assigned their own temperature gradient ranging from ICC 100 C. Each group must record the test tube numbers and the corresponding test temperatures for each test tube. Record the temperature of the room for the temperature for the ART test tube. 4. Next, add 3 ml of pineapple juice to each test tube. 5. Then heat each test tube to the appropriate temperature as assigned. Leave the test tube ART at room temperature. (HINT: start with all the test tubes in cool water in a glass beaker water bath. Gradually increase the temperature withdrawing the numbered test tubes in ICC increments in order as the appropriate temperature level in the bath is reached. 6. After the test tubes have been pulled from the water bath, add 10 ml of Knox gelatin (prepared in step 1) to each test tube and mix well. 7. Finally, place the test tubes in the refrigerator overnight. 8. On day 2, check each test tube for solidification or liquidity of the contents and record your observations. Objective Lab 3 What effect does pH have on enzyme activity? 1 envelope Knox gelatin 3 test tubes goggles apron (1 ml) disposable pipettes water 100 ml graduated cylinder 10 ml graduated cylinder MM HCI MM Niacin pineapple juice the gelatin is dissolved. 2. Label 1 test tube A for acid, 1 test tube B for base, and the last test tube C for control. 3. Place ml of pineapple juice into each of the labeled test tubes. Transfer 1 ml of base, 1 ml acid, and Mil of water into the appropriate test tubes of pineapple juice. HINT: Use a different pipette for each test tube to avoid contamination. 4. Add 10 ml of gelatin mixture to each test tube. Mix well, being careful to not get any of the acid or base on your skin. . Refrigerate the test tubes overnight and on day 2 check each test tube for solidification or liquidity of the contents. Record your observations. Enzyme Pre-Lab Questions: Directions: Read the background material provided to you. Using this material, your notes, and text, answer the following questions. 1. By definition, what is an enzyme? 2. (a) Describe what happens when a protein denatures. (b) Is the denatured protein still able to function? 3. (a) What is the name of the enzyme we are using in this lab? (b) What fruit is it found in? 4. (a) What is the protein we are using in this lab? B) For this lab, what is our food source for the protein? 5. In your own words, describe what happens to collagen when it is heated. 6. Read the procedure for Enzyme Lab 1. Make a hypothesis regarding which of the four juices (water, fresh pineapple juice, boxed juice, concentrated juice) will be solid and which will be liquid when you examine your results on Day 2. 7. Why is water used as a juice in Enzyme Lab 1? 8. Read the directions for Enzyme Lab 2. Make a hypothesis as to the nature of the contents of each test tube at Day 2; which test tubes contents will be solid and which will be liquid? 9. Why do you hypothesize this? 10.

Artist practice essays

Artist practice essays Discuss how theories about art influence the practice of artists and/or art critics and/ or art historians. Artists practices over the years have been greatly influenced by the theories of art movements as well as their social, cultural and historical context. Salvador Dali and Man Ray were similar in the way that both wanted to shock or confuse the audience. Both artists were influenced by modernism and surrealism. They intended to surprise, outrage and shock their audience with radical practices while presenting them with ideas of the irrational world. Man Ray was also affected by theory of Dadaism, which was a response to the world gone mad due to the atrocities of ww1. Exposed to Cubism at the 1913 Armory Show, the artist soon incorporated those stylistic elements in his work. Later on in his life Man Ray decided to join the surrealist movement where he played with the notions of originality and redefined the meaning of vision. Much of his work was developed for its shock value. Salvador Dali however was part of the surrealist movement, which grew principally out of the earlier Dada movement. Dalà ­ worked from a subjective frame using his Paranoid Critical Method to enter alternate levels of reality, in which his perceptions were particularly different from everyday reality. Surrealism inherited its anti-rational sensibility from Dada, but was lighter in spirit. Like Dada, it was formed by emerging theories on our perception of reality, the most obvious influence being that of the subconscious mind. Through his experiences of the world in the Spanish Civil War and communism, Dalis art practice was developed further. Dali had also managed to pursue personal interests in Cubism and Futurism, which all assisted in creating his dream-like photographs. Later on in the late 1930s, Dali switched to painting in a more academic, mimetic style under the influence of the Renaissan...

Consultation For Leaders In Management - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Consultation For Leaders In Management - Smart Custom Writing Letter of CreditAssess the place of Letters of Credit in the International commercial arena What is International Finance Management? The international financial management of a trust/company is concerned with management of its funds which reflects how efficiently the company is managing its funds. The overall objective of all business is to secure funds at low cost and their effective utilisation in the business for a profit. The funds so utilised must generate an income higher than the cost of procuring them. Here it is to be noted that all companies need both long-term and short-term capital. The finance manager must therefore keep in view the needs of both long-term debt and working capital and ensure that the business enjoys an optimum level of working capital and that it does not keep too many funds blocked in inventories, book-debts, cash, etc. The capital structuring and average cost of capital for the company should also be examined.[1] Financial analysis is analysis of financial statements of a company to assess is financial health and soundness of its management. "Financial Statement analysis" involves a study of the financial statements of a company to ascertain its prevailing state of affairs and the reasons therefore. Such a Study would enable the public and investors to ascertain whether one company is more profitable than the other, and also to state the causes and factors probably responsible for this[2]. Letters of Credit In a document, the bank agrees to honor a draft drawn on the importer, provided the bill of lading and other details are in order. Obviously, the local bank will "not issue a letter of credit unless it feels the importer is creditworthy and will pay the draft. The letter of credit arrangement pretty much eliminates the exporter's risk in selling goods to an unknown importer in another country. Illustration of a Confirmed Letter The arrangement is strengthened further if a bank in the exporter's country confirms the letter of credit. A New York exporter wishes to ship goods to a Brazilian importer located in Rio de Janeiro. The im ­porter's bank in Rio regards the importer as a sound credit risk and is willing to is ­sue a letter of credit guaranteeing payment for the goods when they are received. Thus, the Rio bank substitutes its credit for that of the importer. In fact, the deal is mutually between the Rio bank and the New York exporter- the beneficiary of the letter of credit,. The exporter may wish to work through her bank, because she has little knowledge of the Rio bank. She asks her New York bank to confirm the Rio bank's letter of credit. If the New York bank is satisfied with the creditworthiness of the Rio bank, it will agree to do so. When it does, it obligates itself to honor drafts drawn in keeping with the letter of credit arrangement.[3] Thus, when the exporter ships the goods, she draws a draft in accordance with the terms of the letter of credit arrangement. She presents the draft to her New York bank and the bank pays her the amount designated, assuming all the conditions of shipment is met. As a result of this arrangement, the exporter has her money, with no worries about payment. The New York bank then forwards the draft and other documents to the Rio bank. Upon affirming that the goods have been shipped in a proper manner, the Rio bank honors the draft and pays the New York bank. In turn, it goes to the Brazilian importer and collects from him once the goods have arrived in Rio and are delivered. Trade Facilitation Rather than extending credit directly to an im ­porter, the exporter relies on one or more banks, and their creditworthiness is sub ­stituted for that of the importer. The letter itself can be either irrevocable or revoca ­ble, but drafts drawn under an irrevocable letter must be honored by the issuing bank. A revocable letter makes sure for an arrangement for pay ­ment of cash. However we cannot guarantee that the draft will be paid. Most letters of credit are irre ­vocable, and the process described assumes an irrevocable letter. The three documents described- the draft, the bill of lading, and the letter of credit- are required in most international transactions. Established procedures ex ­ist for doing business on this basis[4]. Process of the Letter of Credit transaction and the problems associated with enforcement of parties’ rights in a conflict situation.    Expansion and Contraction    Countertrading In addition to the documents used to facilitate a standard transaction, more customized means for financing trade. One method is the countertrade. Countertrade agreement is where the selling party accepts payment in the form of goods as opposed to currency. When exchange restrictions and other preclude payment in hard currencies, such as dollars and yen, it may be to accept goods instead. These goods may be produced in the country .But this need not be the case. Countertrading is nothing more than anything.-l needs to be mindful that there are risks in accepting goods in lieu of a hard facts. Quality and standardization on receipt may differ from what was there. There may be volatility in prices, if indeed a viable market exists at all. All the method involves risk, countertrade associations and consultants, together other infrastructure, have developed to facilitate this means of trade. Factoring . The factor assumes the credit risk, so the exporter is assured of being true. The typical fee is around 2 percent of the value of the overseas shipment. But receivable is collected, a cash advance is possible for upward to 90 percent a shipment's value. For such an advance, the exporter pays interest, and this is   and above the factor's fee. Most factors will not do business with an exporter . less the volume is reasonably large, say at least $2 million in annual transactions,   Also, the factor can reject certain accounts that it deems too risky For accounted are accepted, the main advantage to the exporter is the peace of mind that credit   entrusting collections to a factor with international contacts and experience. Forfeiting Forfeiting is a means of financing trade which resembles factoring. An expo who is owed money evidenced by a longer-term note, as opposed to sell the note to a financial institution at a discount. The discount reflects I length of time the note has to maturity as well as the credit risk of its drawer usually the note is for 6 months or longer and involves larger transactions. An institution would not engage in forfeiting a $9,600 note but might if it were $180,000. [5]    Expansion abroad is undertaken to go, into new markets, acquire less costly pro ­duction facilities, and secure raw materials. Foreign investment different from domestic investment, as there are a number of reasons left behind that. Taxation is different, and there are risks present in po ­litical conditions. A company faces three types of risk in its foreign operations: translation exposure, trans ­actions exposure, and economic exposure. Changes in exchange rates cause translation exposure and its change in accounting income and balance sheet statements. Transactions exposure relates to settling a particular transaction, like open account credit, at one exchange rate when the obligation was booked at another. Economic exposure has to do with the impact of changing exchange rates on the existing balance sheet of a foreign subsidiary and on the expected future repatriated cash flows. Two frameworks were presented for measuring the degree of eco ­nomic exposure. The first aggregated the indi ­vidual exposure coefficients for all balance sheet items.[6] The second measured the degree of net exposure for expected future cash flows. This was net of any natural hedge, where local cur ­rency margins adjust naturally to offset a change in exchange rates. A natural hedge de ­pends on the degree to which prices and costs are globally determined or domestically deter ­mined. A relationship can be plotted between the value of repatriated cash flows and the ex ­change rate. The direction of the line and its steepness tells us whether or not we are hurt if the foreign currency appreciates (depreciates) in value and the degree of exposure. Net expo ­sure is that which remains after any natural hedge.[7] Using several protective devices, a company can protect against any net exposure. If the expo ­sure is short-term in nature, it can adjust intercompany accounts in what is known as an operating hedge. For longer-term exposure, it can undertake a hedge by financing in differ ­ent currencies. The major sources of interna ­tional financing are commercial banks, discounted trade drafts, Eurodollar loans, and in ­ternational bonds. The last includes Eu ­robonds, foreign bonds, floating-rate notes linked to LIBOR, currency-option bonds, and multiple-currency bonds. Eventually, we can see that there are currency hedges, may include, futures contracts, forward contracts, currency swaps, cur ­rency options etc. For the first, one buys a forward contract for the exchange of one procedure for another at a specific future date and at an exchange ratio set in advance. For this protection, there is a cost that is determined by the difference in the forward and spot exchange rates. Currency futures contracts are like forward contracts in function, but there are differences in settlement and other features. Currency options afford protection against "one-sided" risk. Fi ­nally, currency swaps are an important longer-term risk-shifting device.    There are several theories provide a better understanding of the relationship be ­tween interest rates, inflation, and rate of exchange. Purchasing power parity is the idea that a basket of goods should sell at the same price internationally, after factoring into account ex ­change rates. Relative inflation has an impor ­tant influence on exchange rates and on rela ­tive interest rates. Interest-rate parity suggests that the difference between forward and spot currency exchange rates can be explained by differences in nominal interest rates between two countries. Three principal documents are involved in international trade. The draft is an order by the exporter to the importer to pay a specified amount of money either upon presentation of the draft or a certain number of days after pre ­sentation. Translation Exposure Translation exposure relates to the accounting treatment of changes in exchange rates. State ­ment of the Financial Accounting Stan ­dards Board deals with the translation of for ­eign currency changes on the balance sheet and income statement. An American company must determine a func ­tional currency for each of its foreign sub ­sidiaries under those mentioned rules, If the subsidiary is a stand-alone op ­eration that is integrated within a particular country, the functional currency may be the lo ­cal currency; otherwise, it is the dollar where high inflation occurs the functional currency must be the dol ­lar regardless of the conditions given.    The functional currency used is important because it determines the translation process. Moreover, translation gains or losses are not reflected in the income statement, but rather are recognized in owners' equity as a translation adjustment. The fact that such ad ­justments do not affect accounting income is appealing to many companies. If the functional currency is the dollar, however, this is not the case. Gains or losses are reflected in the income statement of the parent company using what is known as the temporal method. In general, the use of the dollar as the functional currency re ­sults in greater fluctuations in accounting in ­come, but in smaller fluctuations in balance sheet items than does the use of the local cur ­rency. Let us examine the differences. Differences in Methods With the dollar as the functional currency, bal ­ance sheet and income statement items are cat ­egorized as to historical exchange rates or as to current exchange rates. Cash, receivables, lia ­bilities, sales, expenses, and taxes are trans ­lated using current exchange rates[8], whereas in ­ventories, plant and equipment, equity, cost of goods sold, and depreciation are translated at the historical exchange rates existing at the time of the transactions. This differs from the situation where the local currency is used as the functional currency; here all items are translated at current exchange rates. To illustrate, a company we shall call Richmond Precision Instruments has a sub ­sidiary in the Kingdom. At the first of the year, the exchange rate is 8 to the dollar, and that rate has prevailed for many years. During the year however, it declines steadily in value to 10 to the dollar at year end. But the rate of exchange comes to 9. It shows the balance sheet and the income statement for the foreign subsidiary at the beginning and at the end of the year and the effect of the method of transla ­tion.    The oppo ­site would occur in our example if the liso in ­creased in value relative to the dollar. We see that there is substantially more change in total assets when a local functional currency is used than when a dollar functional currency is employed. In our example, sales are adjusted by the average exchange rate that prevailed during the year for both accounting methods. For column 4, local functional currency, all cost and expense items are adjusted by this exchange rate[9]. For the last column, dollar functional cur ­rency, cost of goods sold, and depreciation are translated at historical exchange rates whereas the other items are translated at the current average rate. We see that operat ­ing income and net income are larger when the local functional currency is used than when the functional currency is the dollar. For the latter method, the translation gain is factored in, so that net income agrees with the change in re ­tained earnings from 12/31/xl to 12/31/x2. W e see that this change is $845 - $750 = $95. In contrast, when the functional currency is local, the translation adjustment occurs after the in ­come figure of $111. The adjustment is that amount, - $176, that, together with net income, brings the liability and net worth part of the balance sheet into balance. This amount then is added to the sum of past translation adjust ­ments to obtain the new accumulated transla ­tion adjustment figure that appears on the bal ­ance sheet. As we assume past adjustments total zero, this item becomes - $176. Thus, the translation adjustments far in two methods are in opposite directions. Shot the liso increase in value relative to the data the effect would be the reverse of that illus ­trated: Operating income would be higher. Implications Because translation gains or losses are not re ­flected directly on the income statement; it supported operating income tends to fluctuate when the functional currency is local when it is the dollar. However, the balance sheet items is increased, o the translation of all items by the current change rate. Because many corporate fives are concerned with accounting FASB No. 52 is popular, as long as qualifies for a local functional currency ever, this accounting method also has its backs. For one thing, it distorts the sheet and the historical cost numbers over, it may cause return on asset and other measures of return to be less.    RISK MANAGEMENT AND WEALTH MAXIMISATION    Here the techniques for managing financial risks, in particular those that arise more prominently in the context of international finance are being discussed. The above discussion of the impact of risk on the value of the firm gives rise to a very important and interesting question: what should be the attitude of the firm's management regarding firm-specific risks? It appears that since these risks are diversifiable, they are not "priced" by the investors, that is, they do not affect the expected rate of return demanded by the investors- the discount rate. Why then should the firm spend resources to insure against these risks? Even if certain risks are systematic in the sense that they affect almost all firms adversely, it is not clear hedging such risks necessarily adds to shareholder value.[10] Risks can be hedged only at a cost since the party to whom the risk is transferred will demand compensation for bearing the risk. Thus, while it is true that increase in energy costs will ha ve an adverse impact on almost all firms, in an efficient market, the compensation that has to be paid for bearing this risk would just equal the increase in the value of the firm resulting from eliminating this risk; on balance the firms’ shareholders will neither rain nor los[11]e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Risks arising out of fluctuations in exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices are pervasive, It is, they affect most firms; however they affect different firms in different ways and are therefore idiosyncratic.[12] Finally, even if the irrelevance argument is not found to be convincing, the well-known Modigliani-Miller analysis of a firm's optimal capital structure offers another argument against hedging. In a world of no taxes, no transactions costs and no information asymmetries, they demonstrated that a firm's financing policy does not matter as long as it does not affect its investment policy. If some shareholders are unhappy with the particular debt-equity structure adopted by the firm, they can achieve whatever leverage they de ­sire by trading on their own account. The same argument can be extended to hedging risks such as ex ­change rate risks. A firm which exports to the United States and has dollar receivables can hedge these with forward sales of dollars against rupees; but if its shareholders can achieve the same result on their own (by taking similar but smaller positions in the dollar-rupee forward market), hedging by the firm will add no shareholder value. If capital markets are perfect, individual investors, in particular a firm's share ­holders can replicate any financial strategy adopted by the firm. In such a world active risk management policy cannot add value. In practice, we find that firms do expend considerable amount of resources- managerial time and money- in an attempt to hedge firm-specific risks. For instance, they avoid highly risky investment projects, purchase insurance against product liability suits, enter into forward contracts in foreign ex ­change, and specific commodities and so forth. Is there a rationale for these actions? In addition to the "irrelevance of unsystematic risks" or "shareholders can do it themselves" arguments against hedging, it has also been argued that since financial markets are efficient, it makes little difference in the long run whether and what kind of risk management posture a firm adopts. This means that with efficient markets it would not matter in the long run whether a firm follows an active hedging policy, a purely passive strategy of hedging all risks at all times, or a policy of no hedging at all. Note however that the hypothesis of efficiency of financial markets is far from firmly established. If active risk management by a firm adds shareholder value it must be (i) because it alters the firm's cash flow in a way which is beneficial to the shareholders even after meeting the cost of hedging and (ii) the firm can achieve this at a lower cost than what the shareholders would have to incur if they did it on their own. This is possible in the presence of some capital market imperfections which are assumed away by the Modigliani-Miller theorem. With reference to the valuation equation, hedging can increase shareholder wealth both by influencing future cash flows and by reducing the discount rate at which these cash flows are discounted. In general it is true that the former effects stronger though there can be circumstances under which hedging can reduce the expected return investors demand from a particular firm[13]. One of the most cogent arguments for hedging by the firm has been presented by Froot et al (1994). They not only provide a rationale for hedging as such but also put forward an explanation as to why selec ­tive or discretionary hedging rather than 100 per cent hedging might be an optimal policy under certain conditions. The main thrust of their argument can be summarized as follows: Firms enhance shareholder wealth- create "corporate value"- by making good investments. "Invest ­ments" here means not only physical plant and equipment but also RD, product development, mar ­ket investments such as advertising and promotion and so forth.[14] THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL MARKET The last two decades have witnessed the emergence of a vast financial market straddling national boundaries enabling massive cross-border capital flows from those who have surplus funds and are in search d high returns to those seeking low-cost funding. The phenomenon of borrowers, including governments, one country accessing the financial markets of another is not new; what is new is the degree of mobility d capital, the global dispersal of the finance industry, and the enormous diversity of markets and inst which a firm seeking funding can tap.    THE LETTER OF CREDIT MECHANISM   In such a case, the opening bank "accepts" the draft and it becomes A Banker's Acceptance: The exporter can get immediate payment by discounting the accepted draft either with the opening bank, o with his own bank or by selling the acceptance in the market'. Financing is thus provide* by the bank which discounts the draft or by a money market investor who buys the acceptance. (With sigh drafts, the importer's bank may provide credit to the importer as a part of their ongoing business relationship). To cater to the wide variety of transactions and customers, different types of letters of credit have evolved. A Revocable L/C is issued by the issuing bank and contains a provision that the bank may amend or cancel the credit without the approval of the beneficiary. An Irrevocable L/C cannot be so amended or cancelled without the exporter's prior approval. A Confirmed, Irrevocable L/C contains an extra protection; in addition to the issuing bank's commitment, a Confirming Bank adds its own undertaking to pay provided a] conditions are met. The confirming bank (which may be but need not be the same as the advising bank will pay even if the issuing bank cannot or will not honor the exporter's draft. A Revolving L/C is use when the exporter is going to make shipments on a continuing basis and a single L/C will cover several shipments. A Transferable L/C permits the beneficiary to transfer a part or whole of the credit in favor of one or more secondary beneficiaries. This type of L/C is used by trader exporters who act as middlemen on recourse basis. The ultimate holder of the notes than presents them to the bank at which they are pay ­able, as they fall due.[15] Traditionally, Forfeiting used to be a form of fixed rate, medium-term funding, but over time Forfeiters have become very flexible and are willing to offer terms to suit the needs of their customers. Some Forfeiting houses will accept paper with maturities up to ten years while in other cases it may be as short as 180 days. The secondary market for the paper generally ranges between one and ten years, depending upon the reputation of the importer, the country to which the importer belongs and the reputation of the bank providing the guarantee. Normally Forfeiters will ensure that the importer, not the exporter bears the cost of financing. That is, the face value of the notes is such that after applying the discount, the exporter gets paid what he would normally charge for cash payment. However for competitive reasons some exporters may choose to ab ­sorb some of the financing cost to make the transaction more attractive to the importer. Charges depend on the market interest rates for the currency of the underlying contract and on the per ­ceived credit risks related to the importer, his country and the credit rating of the availing (or guaranteeing) bank. The interest cost is made up of the following components: (1)   The Forfeiter’s refinancing costs benchmarked to the cost of funds in the relevant Euromarkets seg ­ment applicable to the average life of the transaction. For a five year deal, for example, repayable by ten semi-annual equal installments, LIBOR rate applicable for 2.75 years would be used. (2)   A margin or spread for covering the political, commercial, and transfer risks attached to the availed/ guarantor. It varies from country to country, and guarantor to guarantor[16]. (3)   Some additional charges such as interest for "grace period" granted to the importer and a commit ­ment fee when necessary. The whole transaction can be processed quite fast. Many Forfeiters claim that they take no more than two days after the exporter presents all the proper documents. Buyers' Credits are a form of Eurocurrency loans designed to finance a specific transaction involving import of goods and services. The importer works out a deferred payment arrangement with the lending bank which the bank treats as a loan. [17] Traditionally, Forfeiting used to be a form of fixed rate, medium-term (one to five years) funding, but over time Forfeiters have become very flexible and are willing to offer terms to suit the needs of their customers. Some Forfeiting houses will accept paper with maturities up to ten years while in other cases it may be as short as 180 days. The secondary market for the paper generally ranges between one and ten years, depending upon the reputation of the importer, the country to which the importer belongs and the reputation of the bank providing the guarantee. Normally Forfeiters will ensure that the importer, not the exporter bears the cost of financing. That is, the face value of the notes is such that after applying the discount, the exporter gets paid what he would normally charge for cash payment. However for competitive reasons some exporters may choose to ab ­sorb some of the financing cost to make the transaction more attractive to the importer.[18] Charges depend on the market interest rates for the currency of the underlying contract and on the per ­ceived credit risks related to the importer, his country and the credit rating of the analyzing (or guaranteeing) bank. The interest cost is made up of the following components: (1)   The Forfeiter’s refinancing costs benchmarked to the cost of funds in the relevant Euromarkets seg ­ment applicable to the average life of the transaction. (2)   A margin or spread for covering the political, commercial, and transfer risks attached to the availed/ guarantor. It varies from country to country, and guarantor to guarantor. (3)   Some additional charges such as interest for "grace period" granted to the importer and a commit ­ment fee when necessary.    Bibliography A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Articles/Books/Reports Kraus, M.W.; Keltner, D. (2008), "Signs of Socioeconomic Status Barro, Robert (1979) "On the Determination of the Public Debt", Journal of Political Economy, Vol 87, pages 940-71. Barro, Robert (1999) "Notes on Optimal Fund Management", Harvard University, May2006 Dornbusch, Rudi (2001) 'A Primer on Emerging Market Crises', MIT, January. Leong, Donna (1999) " Fund Management: Theory and Practice", HM Treasury Occasional Paper. Boushey, Heather and Weller, Christian. (2005) â€Å"What the Numbers Tell Us.† Pp 27-40. Demos. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cases Lucas, Robert and Nancy Stokey (1983) "Optimal Fiscal and Monetary Policy in an Economy without Capital", Journal of Monetary Economics 12, pp. 55-93. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Legislation Missale, Alessandro (1997) "Managing the Public Fund: The Optimal Taxation Approach", Journal of Economic Surveys Vol 121 No.3.